In the province of Zamora, if the total number of African lineages are taken into account (Hgs L1b, L2b, L3, M1, and U6a1a), the contribution represents 5.7% of the total Hg composition. [. . .] As regards sub-Saharan Hgs (L1b, L2b, and L3b), the high frequency found in the southern regions of Zamora, 18.2% in Sayago and 8.1% in Bajo Duero, is comparable to that described for the South of Portugal, but it does not have any parallels with any other analyzed areas in the Northern part of Iberia (Pereira et al., 2005).More excerpts within. (Continue reading.)
In Zamora, both North African and sub- Saharan mtDNA lineages were found. It has been suggested that U6 and M1 Hgs, detected in low frequencies in Zamora, have been involved in the dispersal of Upper Palaeolithic Levantine people to North Africa along the south Mediterranean coastal areas (Olivieri et al., 2006). In this scenario, prehistoric links between North Africa and Iberia could explain the presence of this Hg in the Northern part of Iberia. The identification of a M1 mtDNA African lineage in a Basque necropolis dating back to the 6th–7th centuries (Izagirre et al., 2005) together with cattle from the Bronze Age (Anderung et al., 2005) with mtDNA African lineage support this hypothesis. However, paying heed to the low diversity of these Hg in Iberia, a more recent North African contribution that claims that it may be due to the flexible procreation between Christians and Muslims (females) (Pereira et al., 2005) is plausible. Another explanation is the relocation of moriscos, a hypothesis recently proposed by Adams et al. (2008) based on Y chromosome data and supported by historical data available for the studied region (Martin, 2003).
As regards sub-Saharan lineages, it is well known that during the 16th–19th centuries, African slaves were captured along the West African Coast and were frequently transported to Cape Verde (Macaronesia region). This archipelago served, from the beginning of the slave trade, as a kind of platform that connected the African continent to Europe, America, and India from which slaves were transported to different regions, including the other Macaronesia archipelagos (Canary, Madeira, and Azores) and mainland Portugal (Comissa˜o Nacional para as Comemorac¸o˜es dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, 1999). Thus, paying heed to the sharing Ht analyses, it seems that the slave trade, during the 16th–19th centuries, better explains the African sub-Saharan lineages found in the Iberian Peninsula (including those found in the Zamora province). However, in contrast to the welldocumented presence of slaves in the Portuguese territories (Comissa˜o Nacional para as Comemorac¸o˜es dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, 1999), the same evidence does not exist for mainland Spain. In the Zamora province, there is only one reference to the presence of slaves in the province (Carbajo Martin, 1995). As the Hts found in the area are also shared with North African populations, we cannot discard the possibility that these lineages derived from the North African Muslim permanence in the Iberian Peninsula. A great number of Berber troops relocated their family groups to the gained territories (Salvatierra and Canto, 2008). Thus, this phenomenon could explain the presence of sub-Saharan lineages.
Perhaps this is the reason for well-known ecomomic weakness of Portugal, which is now poorer than some post-communist east european countries.
ReplyDeleteYes, there is a semi-Negroid element evident in Iberia.
ReplyDeleteI'm pretty sure this is due to all of the Black servants and slaves the crypto-Jews of Iberia brought in back when they controlled the African slave trade.
Actually Spain and Portugal are full of East Europeans escaping poverty in their own countries. Some are working at the world's oldest profession.
ReplyDeleteDoes the article explain how these L mtDNA haplogroups got to those parts of the Northern plateau?
Slavery existed everywhere in Europe,and many of the slaves were negroes no matter where in Europe. Just because it is Iberia doesn't make much difference. France, England, Russia, Germany wherever all had slaves and negroes and some had colonies in Africa. There is no part of Europe untouched by negroes, or Jews or gypsies for that matter.
As for the semi Negroid element in Iberia. Ever been to Sweden, Britain, France, Germany...there are Blacks, half Blacks, quarter blacks everywhere, and increasing by the day.